Q2 - Lesson #19 - Unit #5 "Two-Minute" Reviews

Two-minute Reviews
21.4
Rachel Levine

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) – 1533 came to the throne when he was 3 years old. At 16, Ivan seized power from the boyars who fought to control him and crowned himself czar, the first Russian ruler to use this title. He married to Anastasia, related to the Romanovs.

Ivan’s Good Period – 1547-1560
He won great victories, added lands to Russia, gave Russia a code of laws, and ruled justly.

Ivan’s Bad Period – 1560-1584
Began after Anastasia died when he accused the boyars of poisoning and killing his wife. Ivan turned against them, organizing his own police force to murder people he considered traitors, killing thousands of people. In 1581 Ivan had a dispute with his oldest son and ended up killing him, his heir. Ivan died three years later.

The Time of Troubles – When Russia experienced turmoil
In 1613 Michael Romanov was crowned the next czar, thus beginning the Romanov dynasty. The Romanovs restored order to Russia making the way for the absolute rule of Czar Peter I (Peter the Great), one of Russia’s greatest reformers.

Peter the Great – in 1697 he embarked on the “Grand Embassy”- a long visit to Western Europe, where Peter wanted to learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques. Peter brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control, abolished the office of patriarch, head of Church, set up group- Holy Synod to run the Church, and reduced the power of great landowners. He imposed heavy taxes to pay for the 200,000 men in the army that Peter drilled and modernized.

His goal of westernization was a way he thought would make Russia stronger. Attempting to westernize Russia he:
-Introduced potatoes
-Started Russia’s first newspaper
-Raised women’s status
-Ordered nobles to give up their traditional clothes for Western fashions
-Advanced education by opening a school of navigation and introducing schools for the arts and sciences
Peter fought Sweden in a 21 year long war to gain a piece of the Baltic coast, Russia won the “window on Europe” which in 1703 he called St. Petersburg.

Boyars - landowning nobles of Russia
Czar – “ceasar”
Westernization - using Western Europe as a model for change

Two-Minute Reviews
Congress of Vienna

Vocabulary:
Congress of Vienna: A series of meetings that were held in Vienna to set up policies to create a secure and stable Europe.

Klemens von Metternich: The most influential representative at the Congress of Vienna (The foreign minister of Austria)

Balance of Power: The idea that there should be a balance of powers between the European countries so that no one country would be a threat to others

Legitimacy: The return of former monarchs (that napoleon drove from their thrones)

Holy Alliance: In this document, King Frederick William III of Prussia pledged to base his countries relations with other nations on Christian principles in order to combat the forces of revolution

Concert of Europe: A series of alliances (devised by Metternich) that ensured that nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out

Metterich Three Goals
• He wanted to prevent future French aggression by surronding France with strong countries
• He wanted to restore a balance of power, so that no country would be a threat to others
• He wanted to restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they had held before Napoleon’s conquests

The Steps Taken to Make the Weak Countries Around France Stronger
• The former Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic were united to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands
• A group of 39 German states were loosely joined as the newly created German Confederation, dominated by Austria
• Switzerland was recognized as an independent nation
• The Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened by the addition of Genoa

Balance of Power
The leaders of Europe wanted to weaken France but not leave it powerless. This was because they were worried if they severely punished France, they might encourage France to seek revenge. The result was that, France remained a major but diminished European power. Also, no country in Europe could easily overpower another.

The Success of The Congress of Vienna
• For the first time, the nations of an entire continent had cooperated to control political affairs
• In a sense, it had been more successful than many other peace meetings in history
• The Congress of Vienna created a time of peace in Europe

Conclusion
Across Europe, conservatives held firm control of the governments, but they could not contain the ideas that had spread during the French revolution. The Congress of Vienna left a legacy that would influence world politics for the next 100 years. It also had consequences beyond the continent of Europe (Simón Bolivar). Eventually the balance of power crumbled and Britain and Prussia pulled ahead. The idea of Nationalism began to spread across Europe.

Two Minute Review
Dylan Saul

1. Louis XIV became the king of France in 1643, but did not assume real control until the death of his prime minister in 1661. He ruled until his death in 1715.
2. Louis was determined to not be pressured by the nobles because he was threatened by them during his childhood. He greatly decreased the nobles’ power and forced them to live in Versailles with him, where they would be under his close watch.
3. Louis was called the Sun King because the whole court revolved around him like how the planets revolve around the sun.
4. The most famous line of Louis XIV was “I am the state.” This makes him a classic example of an absolute monarch, because he was the state as opposed to the servant of the state.
5. Louis greatly expanded the territory of France during the War of Spanish Succession and made France a great military power in Europe, rivaled only by Britain.
6. Louis, along with Jean Baptiste Colbert, tried to make France self-sufficient, so that they didn’t have to rely on imports. However, in 1658, Louis ended the freedom of the Hugenots, causing them to flee the country.

VOCAB:
--Legislative Assembly: created in 1791 by the National Assembly. The LA had the power to create laws and approve/reject war. This was one of the many reforms enacted by the NA.
--Émigré: those who had fled France during the Great Fear.
--Sans-culottes: "those without knee breeches." Referred to the workers and merchants who were in favor of more reform in France.
--Jacobin: the Jacobin Club was a radical political group formed after the National Convention came to power. Some members included Jean-Paul Marat (revolutionary writer) and Georges Danton (lawyer).
--Guillotine: the device used to behead Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
--Maximilien Robespierre: a Jacobin leader who gained power, slowly became dictator
--Reign of Terror: period of Robespierre's rule, lasted from July 1793 to July 1794

KEY POINTS:
--NA's reforms: wrote Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (similar to Declaration of Independence); state took control of church; Louis XVI tries to escape
--Differences of opinion (LA): the differences in opinion within the assembly led them to split into three groups: radicals (left) who believed in big changes and opposed monarchy, moderates (center) who were in favor of some changes, and conservatives (right) who still wanted a limited monarchy and few changes
--Reign of Terror's end: National Convention arrested Robespierre; the Convention placed power in the upper-middle class and began to form two-house legislature
--Goals of revolution: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity