Lesson #20 - Unit #7 "Two-Minute" Reviews

Unit 7- 2 Minute Reviews
Arjun Sridhar

Joseph Stalin and Hitler signed a 10-year non-aggression pact. They also agreed that the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This was the last straw for the allies, so France and Great Britain declared war on Germany on September 3rd. The German invasion of Poland was the first test of Germanys newest strategy-the Blitzkrieg or “lightening war.” This involved fast moving airplanes and tanks followed by massive infantry forces to take enemy defenders by surprise and quickly overwhelm them. German troops were station along the Maginot line, a system of fortifications along France’s border with Germany. Nothing happened at all but staring across the battlefield and it was called “the phony war.” Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway. The Germans built bases to launch attacks on Great Britain. In May of 1940, Hitler swept through the nethererlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg to attack France. Hitler sent troops and tanks to the Ardennes, which was a heavily wooded area in northern France, Luxembourg, and Belgium. In May1940, Germany had trapped the French city of Lille, and the allies retreated to the beaches of Dunkirk. The Germans invaded Paris and they had left the southern part of France to a puppet government headed by Marshal Philippe Peétain, a French hero from World War 1. Vich was its headquarters. Charles de Gaulle, a French general, set up a government in exile in London. De Gaulle then went to organize the Free French military forces that battle the Nazis until France was liberated in 1944. Winston Churchill was the new British Prime minister, had already declared that his nation would never give in. Hitler’s plan to invade Great Britain was to knock out the Royal Air Force and then to land more than 250,000 soldiers on England’s shores. In the summer of 1940, the Luftwaffe began bombing Britain. They wanted to bomb London to break British morale. Te radar and the code breaking machine enigma helped beat the British. The battle of Britain continued until May 10, 1941. This battle taught the allies that Hitler could be blocked. Hitler looked to the Balkans so he could later attack the Soviet Union. Germany focused on North Africa because of Mussolini. The British fought back the Italians in Egypt so Hitler sent the Africa Korps under Erwin Romell. British forces retreated to Tobruk, Libya. Rommel then captured Tobruk and he was named “desert fox.” The Balkans was key to Hitler’s plan to invade the Soviet Union. Hitler invaded Greece and Yugoslavia. With these territories he could move ahead with operation Barbarossa, his plan to invade the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was not prepared. As the soviet troops retreated they burned everything in their path. The Germans captured Leningrad and one million people died during the 900-day siege. The U.S. helped by Roosevelt and Churchill issued a join declaration called the Atlantic charter. It upheld free trade among nations and the right of people to choose their own government. The charter then served as the Allies peace plan at the end of WWII.

Fascism Rises in Europe

Culture:
- censorship
- indoctrination
- secret police
Economic:
- controlled by the state
Political:
- nationalist
- one-party rule
Basic Principles:
- authoritarianism
- state above individual
- charismatic leader
- action oriented
Social/Supported by:
- middle class, industrialists, military

Italy:
- failure to win territory in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference
- inflation
- unemployment
- people wanted leader who would take action
Benito Mussolini promised to rescue Italy. As conditions in Italy go worse, Mussolini became more popular. In October 1922, Fascists marched to Rome and demanded the king put Mussolini in charge of the government. Thinking Mussolini was the only hope to save his dynasty, the king agreed. Mussolini came to power legally. He immediately got rid of democracy and went to a one-party system. He had secret police, extreme government censorship, and controlled the economy too. He never achieved the same level of control as Hitler or Stalin did.

Germany:
- humiliation in the Treaty of Versailles
- the spread of communism
Adolf Hitler had a rough start to life, but WWI changed his life. He volunteered for the German army and was decorated for bravery. In 1919 he joined a group called the Nazis and quickly rose within the organization. These people believed Germany had to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and stop the spread of communism. The Nazis were planning to seize power in 1923, but in the attack on Munich Hitler was arrested. He spent time in jail, where he wrote Mein Kampf, a book which state his beliefs and goals for Germany’s future: non-Aryan races inferior, Treaty of Versailles an outrage, and the need for more lebensraum (living space). This need for lebensraum was to be solved by conquering Eastern Europe and Russia.

Rise of the Nazis:
By 1932 the Nazis were the largest political party in Germany. In 1933 Hitler was named chancellor of Germany and came to power legally. He immediately held new elections, to win a Nazi majority in the Parliament. With his new power, Hitler turned Germany into a totalitarian state. The SS where his person protection squad and the Gestapo were his secret police, which he used to shock people into total obedience. The Nazis took control of the economy, and as a result, unemployment dropped as people were put to work. Anti-Semitism was a key part of the Nazi ideology; they used Jews as a scapegoat for all Germany’s problems since the end of WWI. Hitler controlled every aspect of life. Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were mandatory for schoolchildren.

29.1 Marching Toward War

Nationalism is on the rise
militarism - having a large army prepared for war at anytime
Triple Alliance- Russia, German and Austria-Hungary (this is formed to cut off France)
Kaiser Wilhelm II, born for War, psycho who ordered Otto von Bismarck to step down.
Triple Entente is Britain, France, and then Russia (after Germany screwed Russia)
Ottoman empire joins alliance

Serbian kills Astro-Hungrian Archduke. Austria gets angry and attacks Serbia, even though Serbia wants to negotiate. Thus starts the war.

29-3 In World War I one idea from the Allies was the battle of Gallipoli to help out the Russian with more supplies but eventually it had to be given up on. IN World War I many people came from the territories belonging to the European countries. In 1917 the germans sent out a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare which said ships would sink any ships around Britain. When the Germans sank the Lusitania and killed 1,198 people this angered the united states and germany called it off but put it on later and when the United States received the Zimmermann Telegraph it was the last straw and the US went to war. Soon World War I soon became total war so countries spent all their resources on war so some supplies needed to be rationed which was the limiting of supplies. To make the people not as depressed propaganda (bias information) to keep on fighting. In 1917 Lenin signed a treaty with Germany for a truce. Then Germanny focused all its efforts on France hopping to break it but were to short on troops to break through so they lost and Kaiser Wilhelm II signed a armistice an agreement to stop fighting to end the war

Chris Erlich

This isnt.. like spell checked...at alll.. not even a bit
29-2
In response to Austria's declaration to war, Russia began moving towards the Russian-Austrian border. Russia also mobilized along the German border. German government declared war on Russia. Russia thought they would get help from their allie(France) but Germany declared war on France before France could come and help Russia.
Germany and Austria-Hngary were know as the Central Powers (because their location)
Great Britain France and Russia were known as the allied powers or "Allies" Japan and Italy soon joined the Allies. Italy later switched over. The northern battle field became known as the western front.. Germany developed a battle strategy called the Schlieffen plan. This plan was defeating france in the west then rushing to fight russia in the east. they thought this was a good idea because russia lacked in economic/ railroad systems and would take longer to supply troops with forces. Germans thought they would wipe out france quickly but then the allies attacked in northeast paris First battle of marne was the most important war.. the germans were defeated. Russians had already invaded germany germany was going to have to fight two hard battles the western front then changed to a stalemate. western front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire.... this turned into trench warfare ... fought from tenches. space between the opposing trenches was called no mans land the western front became a "terrain of death". New tools of war- machine gun, poison gas, armored tanks larger artillery all this new technology didn't speed up the war it only killed more poeple. The battle of somme The eastern front was the battlefield along the german russian border. russians and serbs battles fermans and austro hungarians during the four day battle germans crushed the russians over 30,000 russians were killed. russian bagan to struggle because they failed to industrialize... they were short on food and guns the goodies sent were limited